The welding position in which the weld face lies in an approximately vertical plane and the weld axis at the point of welding is approximately horizontal.

A crack formed at temperatures near the completion of solidification.

Entrapped foreign solid material, such as slag, flux, tungsten, or oxide.

A weld discontinuity in which fusion did not occur between weld metal and fusion faces or adjoining weld beads.

A joint root condition in a groove weld in which weld metal does not extend through the joint thickness.

A gas that normally does not combine chemically with materials.